Main conclusion Dynamic DNA methylation differences between epitypes throughout the annual cycle, circannual clocks affect methylation levels, stable methylation marks in the promoters of 30 candidate genes, embryo–adult transmission of methylation marks. Abstract DNA methylation can change DNA properties, affecting chromatin accessibility, gene expression, and phenotypic variation. In clonal Norway spruce, warmer (WE) versus...

The phylogeography of economically important forest pests is important for understanding their demographic and evolutionary history. Linking the genetic data obtained with the bioclimatic models helps reveal future demographic trends of the pest species studied. Lymantria monacha is a polyphagous species that feeds on numerous coniferous and deciduous trees throughout the Palaearctic and is known to cause catastrophic defoliat...