Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder whose origins extend beyond the brain. Chronic periodontitis has emerged as a modifiable risk factor, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently been proposed as important mediators of the periodontal–brain axis. Periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis ( P. gingivalis ) release bacterial EVs enriched with virulence factors including gingipa...

Peat extraction for nursery substrates contributes to carbon emissions and peatland destruction, highlighting the need for sustainable alternatives such as biochar. In this study, we evaluated how biochar substitution of peat (0–100% by volume) combined with four fertilizer rates (0, 0.5 × , 1 × (standard), 2 ×) affected seed germination, seedling survival, total seedling biomass, root-to-shoot biomass ratio (RSR), and CO₂ flu...