This study investigates the evolution of temperatures at several locations in Pakistan. Data on annual and seasonal minimum ( T n ) and maximum ( T x ) temperatures from 1950 to 2013 of urban (16 stations), town (11 stations), and rural (nine stations) areas are analysed to establish the mean decadal rate of change in urban, town, and rural temperatures. The homogeneity of the data was assessed using HOMER 2.6. To measure the...

In this research, different characteristics (duration, affected area, extremity, and synoptic conditions) related to extreme precipitation events ( EPEs ), and the trends in frequency of EPEs in the Vosges Mountains (VG) region (north‐eastern France) have been analysed and the events were evaluated on regional scale using the Weather Extremity Index. The index combines three aspects of an EPE – rarity, spatial extent, and dura...

Extreme precipitation events ( EPEs ) in the Ore Mountains ( OM ) were studied based on daily precipitation observations from 1960 to 2013. The OM are a low mountain range situated in the Czech‐German border area. The Weather Extremity Index ( WEI ) resulting from an event‐adjusted evaluation technique was used to select 54 EPEs of 1‐10 days duration. The WEI combines rarity, spatial extent, and duration of an event in one ind...

The seasonal distribution of mean precipitation and heavy rainfalls during 1960–2013 was analysed based on daily precipitation totals from 168 rain gauging stations in the Vosges Mountains area, north‐eastern France. Concerning mean precipitation, an ancient Hrudička's index designed as a half‐time of precipitation during a year, surprisingly well expresses the seasonality of precipitation and its clear correlation with the me...

Real cities are comprised of a diverse, random arrangement of building positions, shapes, and sizes. Yet most of the urban parameterisations thus far developed share the assumption that a city is made up of either a regular array of parallelepipeds or infinitely long canopies. The inputs to these models, which include street width, building width, building density and a statistical representation of building heights, are gener...