We describe the new species Caeruleum terricola from Grootbos Private Nature Reserve in the Overstrand Municipality of Western Cape Province, South Africa. The new species occurs on consolidated soil and is characterized by its lack of an epigeic thallus, innate apothecia that are often blue-gray to green pruinose and polysporous asci. Nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA data place the new species within the genus Caeruleu...

Lecideoid lichen-forming fungi are a large, heterogeneous group that includes many species described during the nineteenth century that are of unclear taxonomic status. We revise such a group, the species of which have previously been treated under the much-misunderstood names Catillaria contristans or Toninia squalescens , and use a seven-locus phylogeny to determine its phylogenetic position. We found strong support for a pr...

The two frequent Ramalina species in southern South America are R. laevigata Fr., which has abundant apothecia, and R. terebrata Hook. f. & Taylor, which lacks apothecia but has abundant sorediate pseudocyphellae. However, two other taxa that predate Hooker and Taylor's name were described from the Falkland Islands. These names are investigated here and R. flaccidissima Bory is shown to be the correct name for R. terebrata .

Compared to continental Antarctica, the lichen biota of the various subantarctic islands and island groups is poorly documented. Here we describe the new species Lecanora muscigena Øvstedal & Fryday from the subantarctic island of South Georgia from a collection made in 1980 that was previously included as Trapeliopsis sp. A. by Øvstedal & Lewis Smith in their comprehensive account of the Lichens of Antarctica and South Georgi...