Carp edema virus (CEV) infects the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) and causes the lethal koi sleepy disease (KSD). Signs of KSD include respiratory, detoxification, and osmoregulatory difficulties. Salt treatment re‐equilibrates blood sodium levels and can save the fish. However, it is unclear whether these fish are immunized, remain chronically infected, and shed the virus, which could cause concern for aquaculture and the in...

Fish poxviruses are increasingly recognised as emerging pathogens of fish and should be considered in cases of unexplained gill or skin pathology. Carp edema virus (CEV), the causative agent of koi sleepy disease in common carp and koi ( Cyprinus carpio ), represents the first known example. Since then, additional members of the poxviridae have been described, including Plecoglossus altivelis poxvirus (PaPV) in ayu ( Plecoglos...

Dense, cold waters formed on Antarctic continental shelves descend along the Antarctic continental margin, where they mix with other Southern Ocean waters to form Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). AABW then spreads into the deepest parts of all major ocean basins, isolating heat and carbon from the atmosphere for centuries. Despite AABW’s key role in regulating Earth’s climate on long time scales and in recording Southern Ocean c...