Energy drinks (EDs), widely consumed for their stimulant effects, typically contain caffeine alongside taurine, guarana, and other bioactive compounds. While generally regarded as safe, growing evidence links chronic EDs consumption to significant cardiovascular risks. Caffeine, the primary active ingredient, acts through adenosine receptor antagonism and increased calcium release, potentially provoking arrhythmias and myocard...

Under what conditions can prefrontal cortex direct the composition of brain states, to generate coherent streams of thoughts? Using a simplified Potts model of cortical dynamics, crudely differentiated into two halves, we show that once activity levels are regulated, so as to disambiguate a single temporal sequence, whether the contents of the sequence are mainly determined by the frontal or by the posterior half, or by neithe...