Introduction Filter-feeding fish separate food particles from the surrounding water by cross-flow filtration in which a suspension flows parallel to a porous filter medium, thereby transporting particles along the surface. Methods Here, we investigate cross-flow filtration in five ram-feeding fish species from two groups, Scombridae ( Scomber scombrus and Rastrelliger kanagurta ) and Clupeidae ( Clupea harengus , Sardina pilch...

Beta‐lactam biosynthesis was thought to occur only in fungi and bacteria, but we recently reported the presence of isopenicillin N synthase in a soil‐dwelling animal, Folsomia candida . However, it has remained unclear whether this gene is part of a larger beta‐lactam biosynthesis pathway and how widespread the occurrence of penicillin biosynthesis is among animals. Here, we analysed the distribution of beta‐lactam biosynthesi...