The study evaluates the thermal and chemical impact of nuclear power plants with VVER (water-water energetic reactor) and RBMK (uranium-graphite channel type reactor) reactors on the cooling pond, using Leningrad NPP (LNPP) in Koporye Bay (Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea) as an example. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of the eastern Gulf of Finland was developed to assess heat and chemical discharge effects. Calculations we...

This paper aims to fill the gaps in knowledge of processes affecting the seasonal water stratification in the Gulf of Finland (GOF). We used a state-of-the-art modelling framework NEMO (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean) designed for oceanographic research, operational oceanography, seasonal forecasting, and climate studies to build an eddy-resolving model of the GOF. To evaluate the model skill and performance, two...