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Species Assembly Is Lineage Specific: Phylogenetic Divergent Species Aggregate in Some Lineages but Segregate in OthersNARA Subscribed
Phylogenetic divergence between species may weaken both negative and positive biotic interactions. Whether, as a result, divergent species aggregate or segregate remains unclear. These interactions differ among lineages, and without immigration, the effects of interactions might be overridden by dispersal limitation. We studied changes in co‐occurrence across 5 years for 1770 pairs of grassland species drawn primarily from fou...
Aim Species richness of local communities is often considered to be disconnected from the macroevolutionary diversification of lineages operating at much larger spatiotemporal scales. However, local communities occupy patches of habitat types, many of which persist across large spatiotemporal scales. We hypothesise that high local species richness of specific habitat types could result from ongoing local assembly in which both...
Decomposing drivers in avian insectivory: Large‐scale effects of climate, habitat and bird diversityNARA Subscribed
Aim Climate is a major driver of large‐scale variability in biodiversity, as a likely result of more intense biotic interactions under warmer conditions. This idea fuelled decades of research on plant‐herbivore interactions, but much less is known about higher‐level trophic interactions. We addressed this research gap by characterizing both bird diversity and avian predation along a climatic gradient at the European scale. Loc...
Search for top‐down and bottom‐up drivers of latitudinal trends in insect herbivory in oak trees in EuropeNARA Subscribed
Aim The strength of species interactions is traditionally expected to increase toward the Equator. However, recent studies have reported opposite or inconsistent latitudinal trends in the bottom‐up (plant quality) and top‐down (natural enemies) forces driving herbivory. In addition, these forces have rarely been studied together thus limiting previous attempts to understand the effect of large‐scale climatic gradients on herbi...
Anthropogenic threats to evolutionary heritage of angiosperms in the Netherlands through an increase in high‐competition environmentsNARA Subscribed
Present biodiversity comprises the evolutionary heritage of Earth's epochs. Lineages from particular epochs are often found in particular habitats, but whether current habitat decline threatens the heritage from particular epochs is unknown. We hypothesized that within a given region, humans threaten specifically habitats that harbor lineages from a particular geological epoch. We expect so because humans threaten environments...
TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open accessNARA Subscribed
Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodivers...
Why can hosts coexist with conspecifics or phylogenetically proximate neighbours despite sharing specialist enemies? Do the hosts evolve increased enemy resistance? If so, does this have costs in terms of climatic‐stress resistance, or in such neighbourhoods, does climatic‐stress select for resistances that are multifunctional against climate and enemies? We studied oak ( Quercus petraea ) descendants from provenances of contr...
A forest canopy as a living archipelago: Why phylogenetic isolation may increase and age decrease diversityNARA Subscribed
Aim An individual tree resembles a living island, a small spatially distinct unit upon which colonizers maintain populations. However, several differences exist compared to oceanic islands: a tree is relatively young, is composed of numerous differently aged branches, may be phylogenetically isolated from neighbours, and some of its colonizers are specific to particular tree lineages. We suggest that these specificities strong...
Aim Under spatial isolation on oceanic islands, species tend to show extreme body sizes. From the point of view of many colonizers, individual hosts surrounded by phylogenetically distant neighbours are phylogenetically isolated. This study addresses for the first time how phylogenetic isolation of individual hosts affects body size of colonizers, and whether effects on body size reflect selection among colonizers established...
Different habitats within a region contain evolutionary heritage from different epochs depending on the abiotic environmentNARA Subscribed
Aim Biodiversity hot‐spots are regions containing evolutionary heritage from ancient or recent geological epochs, i.e. evolutionary ‘museums’ or ‘cradles’, respectively. We hypothesize that: (1) there are also ‘museums’ and ‘cradles’ within regions – some species pools of particular habitat types contain angiosperm (flowering plants) lineages from ancient geological epochs, others from recent epochs; (2) habitat‐specific abiot...
‘High‐co‐occurrence genera’: weak but consistent relationships with global richness, niche partitioning, hybridization and declineNARA Subscribed
Aim Many biologists explain the global richness of lineages and local co‐occurrence of lineage members by distinct processes: speciation/extinction versus ecological interactions. Moreover, allopatric distribution, rarity and local competition limit local co‐occurrence of species even within species‐rich lineages. However, whether and why the global richness of lineages relates to local co‐occurrence of lineage members has not...
Explaining the disjunct distributions of austral plants: the roles of Antarctic and direct dispersal routesNARA Subscribed
Aim Dispersal explains the disjunct distributions of many austral plant lineages. However, the role of Antarctica is largely uncertain and the routes of dispersal have remained speculative. Based on niche conservatism we can make predictions about the timing of disjunction establishment, as well as the availability of direct transoceanic, Antarctic stepping‐stone, and out‐of‐Antarctica dispersal routes over time. We evaluate t...
Aim Certain species have few living relatives (i.e. they occupy low clade ranks) and hence they possess high conservation value and scientific interest as unique representatives of ancient lineages. However, we do not know whether particular environments favour the maintenance of low clade ranks or whether the distribution of environments across the globe affects the global distribution of clade ranks and, hence, evolutionary...
Endemic species have highly integrated phenotypes, environmental distributions and phenotype–environment relationshipsNARA Subscribed
Aim Why are some species geographically restricted? Ecological explanations suggest that endemic species may have restricted distributions because limited phenotypic variability results in narrow niches. However, studying variability of traits independently may not fully explain the interactions within and between complex phenotypes and environments. Here, we hypothesize that endemic species are restricted to a narrow range of...
Aim Current conservation biology suggests that across ecological time‐scales specialist species existing in the recent past have left on average fewer descendant populations today than generalist species. Conversely, the speciation literature suggests that on an evolutionary time‐scale specialists leave as many or more descendant lineages as generalists, i.e. they have high rates of global diversification. This begs the questi...
Species pools along contemporary environmental gradients represent different levels of diversificationNARA Subscribed
Aim Within a region, different habitat types are characterized by different species and some habitat types have higher species diversities than others. Different habitat types are also characterized by different phylogenetic clades. However, it is not known whether – within a given region – some habitat types have species pools that are more phylogenetically diversified than others. We investigated whether species pools in con...
Are specialists at risk under environmental change? Neoecological, paleoecological and phylogenetic approachesNARA Subscribed
The question ‘what renders a species extinction prone’ is crucial to biologists. Ecological specialization has been suggested as a major constraint impeding the response of species to environmental changes. Most neoecological studies indicate that specialists suffer declines under recent environmental changes. This was confirmed by many paleoecological studies investigating longer‐term survival. However, phylogeneticists, stud...
Dispersal failure contributes to plant losses in NW EuropeNARA Subscribed
The ongoing decline of many plant species in Northwest Europe indicates that traditional conservation measures to improve the habitat quality, although useful, are not enough to halt diversity losses. Using recent databases, we show for the first time that differences between species in adaptations to various dispersal vectors, in combination with changes in the availability of these vectors, contribute significantly to explai...
Less lineages – more trait variation: phylogenetically clustered plant communities are functionally more diverseNARA Subscribed
Functional diversity within communities may influence ecosystem functioning, but which factors drive functional diversity? We hypothesize that communities assembled from many phylogenetic lineages show large functional diversity if assembly is random, but low functional diversity if assembly is controlled by interactions between species within lineages. We combined > 9000 descriptions of Dutch plant communities, a species‐leve...
The trade‐off between vegetative and generative reproduction among angiosperms influences regional hydrochorous propagule pressureNARA Subscribed
Aim Local communities are subject to spatiotemporal contingencies of landscape processes; community assembly is thus often considered to be unpredictable and idiosyncratic. However, evolved trade‐offs of species’ life histories may set distinct constraints on the assembly of species communities. In plants, the recruitment and invasion success of species into communities depend primarily on the number of propagules available an...
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