Anadromous salmonids play vital roles in marine and freshwater ecosystems. The most abundant of these fishes—Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.)—are integral to coastal ecosystems and communities across the North Pacific Rim, but numerous populations are experiencing dramatic declines, particularly towards the south of their range. Although many declines have been linked to poor marine survival, the early marine life phase of...

Metabolism fuels fundamental biological processes and commonly scales with body mass with an exponent, b , between 2/3 and 1. We, here, explore how differences in physical activity can reveal contrasting interspecific metabolic scaling between major groups of arthropods. The Metabolic‐level Boundaries Hypothesis predicts that increased behavioural activity increases b . We test this hypothesis by comparing b during flight, non...

The tumour suppressor p16/CDKN2A and the metabolic gene, methyl-thio-adenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), are frequently co-deleted in some of the most aggressive and currently untreatable cancers. Cells with MTAP deletion are vulnerable to inhibition of the metabolic enzyme, methionine-adenosyl transferase 2A (MAT2A), and the protein arginine methyl transferase (PRMT5). This synthetic lethality has paved the way for the rapid deve...

Under climatic warming many species shift their seasonal timing of life cycle events (phenology) and seasonal abundance distribution, but whether they maintain the same thermal niche is still poorly understood. Here, we studied multidecadal trends in abundance and phenology of seven major copepod species across three stations (Stonehaven (SH), Helgoland Roads (HR), and Plymouth L4) on the North–West European shelf, spanning ~...

Metabolism underpins all life‐sustaining processes and varies profoundly with body size, temperature and locomotor activity. A current theory explains some of the size‐dependence of metabolic rate (its mass exponent, b ) through changes in metabolic level ( L ). We propose two predictive advances that: (a) combine the above theory with the evolved avoidance of oxygen limitation in water‐breathers experiencing warming, and (b)...

Body size is a fundamental trait in ecology, and body size reduction with increasing temperature has been termed the third universal response to climate warming. Although effects of temperature and food on phenotypic plasticity of zooplankton adult body size have been investigated, density‐dependent effects have been neglected. We measured seasonal changes in the prosome length of 7098 adult females of 7 dominant copepod speci...

Size‐spectral approaches quantify the efficiency of energy transfer through food webs, but theory and field studies disagree over how changes in temperature, nutrients, and extreme weather impact on this efficiency. We address this at two scales: via 6 years of weekly sampling of the plankton size spectrum at the Plymouth L4 shelf sea site, and via a new, global‐scale, meta‐analysis of aquatic size spectra. The time series sho...

We conducted a manipulative field experiment to determine whether the leaping behaviour of wild juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka dislodges ectoparasitic sea lice Caligus clemensi and Lepeophtheirus salmonis by comparing sea‐lice abundances between O. nerka juveniles prevented from leaping and juveniles allowed to leap at a natural frequency. Juvenile O. nerka allowed to leap had consistently fewer sea lice after the...

While losses from mortality are as important as gains from reproduction in zooplankton population dynamics, the former are more challenging to quantify. We used two approaches to provide complementary insights into the mortality of a biomass‐dominant copepod, Calanus helgolandicus , at Station L4 in the English Channel. Using a neutral‐red staining method, we found that dead carcasses represented a mean of 9% of the C. helgola...

The potato cyst nematodes Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis are economically important plant pathogens causing losses to UK potato harvests estimated at £50 m/ year. Implications of climate change on their future pest status have not been fully considered. Here, we report growth of female G. pallida and G. rostochiensis over the range 15 to 25°C. Females per plant and their fecundity declined progressively with temperatur...