We studied nine local small mammal faunas directly recovered from interglacial (and one interstadial) paleosols of the Middle (seven) and Late (two) Pleistocene on the East European Plain. The oldest faunas, dated to the Muchkap (MIS 15) and Likhvin (MIS 11) interglacials, belonged to the Late Tiraspolian and Gun'ki small mammal complexes, respectively. Later faunas, corresponding to the Kamenka, Romny, and Mezin paleosols, in...