A new species of Characidium is described from a small, isolated river in the highland areas of Noel Kempff Mercado National Park, Bolivia. The new taxon can be diagnosed by the presence of a relatively broad and conspicuous dark midlateral stripe extending from the tip of snout to the base of the caudal fin, markedly darker than the vertical bars (when present), added to the absence of a distinct humeral blotch. Additional di...

In the midst of an ongoing biodiversity crisis, much research has focused on species losses and their impacts on ecosystem functioning. The functional consequences (ecosystem response) of shifts in communities are shaped not only by changes in species richness, but also by compositional shifts that result from species losses and gains. Species differ in their contribution to ecosystem functioning, so species identity underlies...

Moonlight structures activity patterns of many nocturnal species. Bright moonlight often limits the activity of nocturnal prey, but dense vegetation weakens this effect. Using 8 years of live‐trapping data, we asked whether reintroduced megaherbivores ( Bison bison ) indirectly altered moonlight avoidance by small mammals in tallgrass prairies. In plots with bison, plants intercepted 20% less light, allowing more moonlight to...

Cold‐adapted organisms with current arctic–alpine distributions have persisted during the last glaciation in multiple ice‐free refugia, leaving footprints in their population structure that contrast with temperate plants and animals. However, pathogens that live within hosts having arctic–alpine distributions have been little studied. Here, we therefore investigated the geographical range and population structure of a fungus p...