Climate change has significantly influenced temperature and rainfall patterns, disrupting hydrological cycles and increasing extreme weather events. This study analyses spatial and temporal variations in rainfall trends and extreme climatic indices in the Tel Basin, Odisha, India, from 1981 to 2021. Rainfall trends were assessed using the Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator, while extreme climatic indices were evaluate...

Panorama photogrammetry, the process of analyzing panoramic images, has gained popularity in close-range photogrammetry for 3D reconstruction over the past decade. Initially, researchers utilized cylindrical or spherical panoramic images created through specialized cameras or conventional ones with rectilinear lenses. However, these methods were hindered by the high cost of panorama equipment and the need for manual reconstruc...