Purpose Conduction system pacing (CSP) is gaining clinical significance owing to its ability to restore a physiological activation sequence in the ventricles. Whilst His bundle pacing producing the most physiological activation is preferable, due to implant complications the selective activation of the left bundle branch (LBB) by LBB area pacing is considered an alternative, offering both a simpler implant and a physiological...

Personalized models of cardiac electrophysiology (EP) that match clinical observation with high fidelity, referred to as cardiac digital twins (CDTs), show promise as a tool for tailoring cardiac precision therapies. Building CDTs of cardiac EP relies on the ability of models to replicate the ventricular activation sequence under a broad range of conditions. Of pivotal importance is the His–Purkinje system (HPS) within the ven...