Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated neurological disorder frequently accompanied by cognitive impairment, which affects up to 60% of patients and is associated with faster disease progression and greater disability. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a key proinflammatory cytokine involved in neuroinflammation, has been implicated in MS pathogenesis, and the rs1800795 (−174 G>C) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the...

Gastric hyperacidity and ulceration are chronic diseases characterized by repeated healing followed by re-exacerbation. The study aims to protect against gastric hyperacidity without interfering with gastric acid secretion. Pylorus ligation–induced hyperacidity is commonly utilized in the induction of gastric ulcers. Forty-two rats were distributed into seven groups ( n = 6). Group I comprised sham-operated group. Group II ser...

The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of arginine (ARG), a nitric oxide (NO) precursor, on thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in rats by injection of TAA (100 mg/kg, i.p) three times per week for six consecutive weeks. TAA-injected rats were administered ARG (100 mg/kg; p.o.) concurrently with TAA for the six consecutive weeks. Blood samples were withdrawn, and rats were sacrificed; li...

Ashwagandha (ASH), a vital herb in Ayurvedic medicine, demonstrated potent preclinical hepato- and neuroprotective effects. However, its efficacy is limited due to low oral bioavailability. Accordingly, we encapsulated ASH extract in chitosan–alginate bipolymeric nanocapsules (ASH-BPNCs) to enhance its physical stability and therapeutic effectiveness in the gastrointestinal tract. ASH-BPNC was prepared by emulsification follow...