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Effects of Biodiversity Loss on Freshwater Ecosystem Functions Increase With the Number of StressorsNARA Subscribed
A multitude of anthropogenic stressors drive biodiversity loss and alter ecosystem functioning. Freshwaters, which contribute disproportionally to global biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles, are particularly threatened. Although the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functions (BEF) is generally well‐established, especially in terrestrial ecosystems, the role of multiple, co‐occurring stressors in modulating th...
Something old, something new: Historical perspectives provide lessons for blue growth agendasNARA Subscribed
The concept of “blue growth,” which aims to promote the growth of ocean economies while holistically managing marine socioecological systems, is emerging within national and international marine policy. The concept is often promoted as being novel; however, we show that historical analogies exist that can provide insights for contemporary planning and implementation of blue growth. Using a case‐study approach based on expert k...
Biodiversity simultaneously enhances the production and stability of community biomass, but the effects are independentNARA Subscribed
To predict the ecological consequences of biodiversity loss, researchers have spent much time and effort quantifying how biological variation affects the magnitude and stability of ecological processes that underlie the functioning of ecosystems. Here we add to this work by looking at how biodiversity jointly impacts two aspects of ecosystem functioning at once: (1) the production of biomass at any single point in time (biomas...
How does coarse gravel augmentation affect early‐stage Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha embryonic survivorship?NARA Subscribed
Early‐stage Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha embryos were incubated in artificial redds that mimicked hyporheic conditions in gravel‐augmented habitat to assess survivorship. Two complementary experiments were conducted where units varied along gradients of (1) increasing interstitial flow velocity (0·05–2·50 cm s −1 ) in a uniformly coarse (particles ≥22 mm) sediment mixture and (2) increasing sediment porosity with in...
Juvenile Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, growth and diet in riverine habitat engineered to improve conditions for spawningNARA Subscribed
Many habitat enhancement techniques aimed at restoring salmonid populations have not been comprehensively assessed. The growth and diet of juvenile Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), rearing in a reach designed to enhance spawning were evaluated to determine how a non‐target life stage fared in the engineered habitat. Prior work demonstrated differences in food web structure between restored and unenhanced rea...
Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), populations have declined rapidly along the western coast of North America since the year 2000, possibly because of factors such as habitat loss, altered hydrology and barriers to migration. However, few analyses have rigorously examined which of these factors actually explain historical patterns of extirpation. Data were compiled on flow regimes, habitat loss and migration b...
Herbivore metabolism and stoichiometry each constrain herbivory at different organizational scales across ecosystemsNARA Subscribed
Plant‐herbivore interactions mediate the trophic structure of ecosystems. We use a comprehensive data set extracted from the literature to test the relative explanatory power of two contrasting bodies of ecological theory, the metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) and ecological stoichiometry (ES), for per‐capita and population‐level rates of herbivory across ecosystems. We found that ambient temperature and herbivore body size (M...
Understanding how biodiversity affects functioning of ecosystems requires integrating diversity within trophic levels (horizontal diversity) and across trophic levels (vertical diversity, including food chain length and omnivory). We review theoretical and experimental progress toward this goal. Generally, experiments show that biomass and resource use increase similarly with horizontal diversity of either producers or consume...
By using an elemental‐stoichiometry approach to zooplankton‐phytoplankton interactions, we compare elemental composition and aspects of nutrient deficiency across a variety of marine and freshwater ecosystems. During 1992 and 1993 we sampled a total of 31 lakes (in northern Wisconsin and Michigan and the Experimental Lakes Area of northern Ontario) and 21 marine stations (at seven estuarine, coastal, and open‐ocean sites in th...
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