This study presents an advanced climate zone classification approach for Borneo using a spatially constrained copula‐based clustering framework. The methodology integrates copula theory for multivariate dependency modelling with fuzzy c‐means (FCM) clustering to capture uncertainty in regional climate classification, while spatial constraints enhance geographic coherence. Historical climate data from the Princeton Global Forci...

High-strength concrete (HSC) and self-compacting high-strength concrete (SCHSC) are increasingly used in modern construction. This study investigates the effect of different construction joint positions on their mechanical properties and structural behavior. Understanding the influence of joint orientation and location is essential for ensuring the safety and durability of structural elements. Therefore, studying construction...

The increasing challenges in natural resource consumption and cement production have intensified interest in recycling and sustainable construction materials. In this study, an environmentally friendly lightweight geopolymer concrete (LWGPC) was developed by integrating two recycled components: fly ash (FA) as the primary binder and a novel lightweight coarse plastic aggregate (LCPA), produced from locally recycled plastic was...

This study investigates the adsorption efficiency of Methylene Blue (MB) dye using tea waste as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly adsorbent. The impact of various parameters on MB removal was assessed, including solution pH, adsorbent dosage, pollutant concentration, and contact time. Optimal conditions were identified as pH 10, a dosage of 4 g/L, a concentration of 100 mg/L, and a contact time of 2 h, achieving ne...