During anesthesia, significant hemodynamic changes often alter the vascular microenvironment and affecting endothelial cell behavior. Propofol, a commonly used intravenous anesthetic, has been widely studied for its role in tumor angiogenesis through tumor cell–derived VEGF–mediated endothelial interactions. However, its direct effects on endothelial cell–mediated angiogenesis in non-malignant diseases such as diabetic retinop...