Decision-analytic frameworks under climate uncertainty include Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA), which maximizes welfare by trading mitigation costs against quantified damages; Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA), used here in its probabilistic form, which minimizes the cost of meeting a predefined temperature target via a chance constraint that accounts for uncertainty when damages cannot be reliably estimated; and Cost-Risk Analysi...

Human impacts can induce ecosystems to cross tipping points and hence unexpected and sudden changes in ecosystem services that are difficult or impossible to reverse. The world´s oceans suffer from cumulative anthropogenic pressures like overexploitation and climate change and are especially vulnerable to such regime shifts. Yet an outstanding question is whether regime changes in marine ecosystems are irreversible. Here we fi...