Interferon alpha (IFNa) is critical in mediating host cell antiviral defenses. In Atlantic salmon, IFNa mediates protective responses against infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), but this antiviral response and the associated changes in molecular physiology remain unclear. This study examines the antiviral response in Atlantic salmon head kidney (SHK-1) cells infected with ISAV...

The abyssal seafloor in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) in the NE Pacific hosts the largest abundance of polymetallic nodules in the deep sea and is being targeted as an area for potential deep-sea mining. During nodule mining, seafloor sediment will be brought into suspension by mining equipment, resulting in the formation of sediment plumes, which will affect benthic and pelagic life not naturally adapted to any major sedi...

Most studies on the potential impacts of deep-sea mining in the Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ) have largely focused on benthic ecosystems but ignore the pelagic environment. To model full-scale impacts, it is important to understand how sediment discharge might affect the pelagic zone as well. This study combines in situ optics, hydrography, and remote sensing to describe particle abundance and size distribution through the ent...

Predictability of the dispersion of sediment plumes induced by potential deep-sea mining activities is still very limited due to operational limitations on in-situ observations required for a thorough validation and calibration of numerical models. Here we report on a plume dispersion experiment carried out in the German license area for the exploration of polymetallic nodules in the northeastern tropical Pacific Ocean in 4,20...