A large number of seabed depressions, covering an area of 2500 km2 in the Xisha Massif of the South China Sea, are investigated using newly collected high-resolution acoustic data. By analyzing the morphological features and seismic attributes of the focused fluid flow system, five geological structures are recognized and described in detail, including pockmarks, volcanic mounds, pipes, faults, and forced folds. Pockmarks and...

As sound speed is a fundamental parameter of ocean acoustic characteristics, its prediction is a central focus of underwater acoustics research. Traditional numerical and statistical forecasting methods often exhibit suboptimal performance under complex conditions, whereas deep learning approaches demonstrate promising results. However, these methodologies fall short in adequately addressing multi-spatial coupling effects and...