Marine Protected Areas (MPA) increasingly rely on automatic identification system (AIS) data to monitor fishing activity. Enforcement remains difficult because AIS is self-reported, labels of fishing behaviour are scarce, and traffic patterns differ strongly between regions. This study develops a hierarchical machine learning framework that estimates the probability of fishing from AIS position time series using only latitude...

Tidal range, diverse land-cover conditions, and complex intertidal topography make accurately monitoring estuarine shoreline change difficult. This study extends the COASTGUARD workflow from traditional open coastline applications to complex, macrotidal estuarine environments, demonstrated through a case study in the Musquash Marine Protected Area. The revised pipeline introduces three key contributions: habitat-aware classifi...