Our ability to predict invasions has been hindered by the seemingly idiosyncratic context-dependency of individual invasions. However, we argue that robust and useful generalisations in invasion science can be made by considering “invasion syndromes” which we define as “a combination of pathways, alien species traits, and characteristics of the recipient ecosystem which collectively result in predictable dynamics and impacts,...

Relationships between spermatozoal design and swimming behaviour were investigated using the significant natural variance in sperm traits in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. In vitro motility and fertilization experiments were conducted with 86 Atlantic salmon to measure sperm form and function under natural fertilization conditions. Spermatozoal traits of Atlantic salmon showed narrow variance within individuals but differed exte...