This perspective paper, which is the result of a collaborative effort between toxicologists and scholars in innovation and transition studies, presents a heuristic framework based on innovation system literature for understanding and appraising mission achievement to animal-free chemical safety assessment using New Approach Methodologies (NAMs). While scientific and technical challenges in this area are relatively well known,...

Purpose During alternate movements across a joint, the changeover from one direction of rotation to the opposite may be influenced by the delay and rate of tension reduction and the compliance to re-lengthening of the previously active muscle group. Given the aging process may affect the above-mentioned factors, this work aimed to compare the dynamics of both the ankle torque decline and muscle re-lengthening, mirrored by mech...

The ruddy duck, Oxyura jamaicensis , was introduced to Great Britain in the mid‐20th century and has recently spread to other Western European countries. In Spain, ruddy ducks hybridize with the globally endangered white‐headed duck, Oxyura leucocephala . We assessed the effects of hybridization on the Spanish white‐headed ducks, which constitute 25% of the global population of this species, using a panel of eight nuclear intr...