Atrial fibrillation (AF) from elevated adrenergic activity may involve increased atrial L-type Ca 2+ current (I CaL ) by noradrenaline (NA). However, the contribution of the adrenoceptor (AR) sub-types to such I CaL -increase is poorly understood, particularly in human. We therefore investigated effects of various broad-action and sub-type-specific α- and β-AR antagonists on NA-stimulated atrial I CaL . I CaL was recorded by w...

Environmental conditions strongly affect antipredator behaviors; however, it is less known how migrating prey adjust antipredator behavior in migration corridors, in part, because active migrants are difficult to observe and study. Migrants are vulnerable and encounter many predators in the corridor, and their propensity to travel towards their destination ties antipredator behavior with movement. We evaluated how environmenta...