The synchronous grouting layer in subsea shield tunnels is continuously exposed to seawater during long-term service. Sustained migration and diffusion of seawater ions can induce deterioration of the pore structure and degradation of mechanical properties, thereby diminishing the support and load-transfer functions provided to the segmental lining and ultimately compromising the long-term structural safety of the tunnel. In t...

Human activities emit nitrogen oxides (NO x ≡ NO + NO 2 ; with source emissions approximated as nitric oxide (NO)), potent air pollutants and short‐lived climate forcers, through direct and indirect pathways. Unlike direct releases, however, indirect NO x emissions remain poorly understood and inadequately quantified. Here, by synthesizing available observations across global terrestrial ecosystems, we show that soil moisture...