The sea cucumber (class Holothuroidea) holds significant commercial value due to strong global demand, especially in East and Southeast Asian markets. Overexploitation of wild stocks has thus driven aquaculture expansion; however, current culture methods remain inadequate to meet projected demand or overcome traditional practice limitations. As evolutionarily ancient endogenous bioactive molecules, neuropeptides regulate diver...

Mitochondria, known as the energy powerhouses of cells, also have a significant role in the innate immune response. Consequently, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis is crucial for overall organismal health. Mitochondrial quality is tightly regulated through processes such as mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy. However, compared to mammals, the regulatory roles of mitochondria and mitophagy in fish immunity have been less...

Autophagy is a conserved intracellular degradation process that is required to maintain host homeostasis and cope with invading pathogens. Over the past few decades, studies on mammals have greatly increased our understanding of the relationship between autophagy and virus infection. Autophagy may convey the invader to lysosomes to degrade or activate the host immune response against virus replication. However, many viruses ha...

Ferroptosis, as one of cell death modalities, is driven by iron‐dependent phospholipid peroxidation and regulated by various cellular metabolic pathways, including iron, amino acid and lipid metabolism, as well as disease‐related signalling pathways. Cell survival or death is a critical issue in the inflammatory response. On the one hand, ferroptosis is more immunogenic than apoptosis, and ruptured ferroptotic cells release da...