Canada’s boreal zone covers almost 60% of Canada’s landmass. It has large areas of peatlands where black spruce is the most common tree species, which rarely reaches merchantable size. Tree biomass is usually estimated using allometric equations with diameter at breast height (DBH) used as a predictor. While such allometric relationships are well-established for merchantable trees, predicting biomass for the sub-merchantable t...

Many culverts in New Zealand rivers are poorly designed or maintained, impeding fish migrations. This study tested three low‐cost fish passage solutions—mussel spat ropes, a flexible rubber ramp, and a combination of both—at a perched culvert apron on the West Coast. Passage efficiency was assessed for three indicator species with different locomotive capabilities: īnanga ( Galaxias maculatus ), redfin bully ( Gobiomorphus hut...