Patients with depression who ruminate repeatedly focus on depressive thoughts; however, there are two cognitive subtypes of rumination, reflection and brooding, each associated with different prognoses. Reflection involves problem-solving and is associated with positive outcomes, whereas brooding involves passive, negative, comparison with other people and is associated with poor outcomes. Rumination has also been related to a...

The diets of black oreo Allocyttus niger , smooth oreo Pseudocyttus maculatus , spiky oreo Neocyttus rhomboidalis and orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus were determined from examination of contents of 240, 311, 76 and 415 non‐empty stomachs, from fishes sampled by bottom trawl on Chatham Rise to the east of South Island, New Zealand. Hoplostethus atlanticus had an opportunistic predatory strategy with a broad diet dominated...

This study tested the ‘silver spoon’ hypothesis which posits that individuals that develop under favourable conditions should enjoy a fitness advantage later in life because they are more likely to recognize and settle in high‐quality habitats. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar of two age classes (0+ and 1+ years) were reared in environmentally enriched or standard hatchery tanks for a short period ( c. 10 weeks), were then released...

Hatchery‐reared salmon, Salmo salar L., smolts are generally stocked during daylight hours, but the natural migration of smolts tends to occur at night. Recapture rates and timing of migration were compared between Atlantic salmon smolts stocked during the day and during the evening. Timing of release had no significant effect on the number of smolts recaptured, but had a strong effect on nocturnal behaviour. When stocked in t...

Summary Primarily, three operons, hmsHFRS, hmsT and hmsP , are responsible for the development of a Yersinia pestis biofilm, which is essential for blockage‐dependent transmission of plague from fleas to mammals. Here, using specific antibodies, a polymeric β‐1,6‐ N ‐acetyl‐ d ‐glucosamine‐like polysaccharide was detected in the extracellular matrix of hmsHFRS ‐dependent Y. pestis biofilm. The production of this exopolysacchar...

Ecological flows and biological diversity trace broad patterns across the landscape, whereas transportation planning for human mobility traditionally focuses on a narrow strip close to a road or highway. To help close this gap we examined the “road‐effect zone” over which significant ecological effects extend outward from a road. Nine ecological factors—involving wetlands, streams, road salt, exotic plants, moose, deer, amphib...