We investigated whether chimpanzees use the temporal sequence of external events to determine causation. Seventeen chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) witnessed a human experimenter press a button in two different conditions. When she pressed the “causal button” the delivery of juice and a sound immediately followed (cause-then-effect). In contrast, she pressed the “non-causal button” only after the delivery of juice and sound (ef...

Ecosystems containing multiple nonnative plant species are common, but mechanisms promoting their co‐occurrence are understudied. Plant–soil interactions contribute to the dominance of singleton species in nonnative ranges because many nonnatives experience stronger positive feedbacks relative to co‐occurring natives. Plant–soil interactions could impede other nonnatives if an individual nonnative benefits from its soil commun...