In Europe, current flood risk assessment practices often rely on the number of directly exposed residents as a proxy of the overall flood impact on people, thereby overlooking the broader range of flood consequences on human well-being. Literature studies have shown that these consequences encompass several direct and indirect intangible impacts and may affect people even beyond the flooded area. With aim of deepening current...

Flood risk to agriculture is strongly influenced by the timing of inundation relative to crop development stages, making flood seasonality a critical but often overlooked component in damage estimation. This study introduces a generalizable regionalization framework that combines hydrological clustering and machine learning to incorporate seasonal flood probability into agricultural risk assessment. The approach involves ident...

This paper shows a detailed, advanced procedure to implement cost–benefit analyses (CBAs) in order to assess the effectiveness of flood mitigation measures. The town of Lodi (North of Italy) has been selected as a case study for the research work, as it was hit by a large flood in 2002 for which several data are available. In order to compute the benefits, in terms of avoided damage with the mitigation measure in place, micro-...