Complex cell culture systems are increasingly being used to study host-pathogen interactions with high physiological relevance. In contrast to monolayer cultures, organoids, differentiated tissue models, and organ-on-chip platforms better reproduce tissue architecture and barrier function, key determinants of infection processes. While challenges remain, such as immune cell integration, ongoing methodological advances are expe...

Aim Arctic plant phylogeography has largely focused on seed plants, and studies on other plant groups are necessary for comparison. Bryophytes have a unique life cycle and can be resistant to extreme conditions, suggesting that their phylogeographic patterns may differ from those of vascular plants. We address the history of the bryophyte genus Cinclidium in order to assess: (1) interspecific relationships, (2) whether its cur...