The Intranasal route provides an effective pathway for insulin delivery to the brain compared to oral/subcutaneous routes as it provides direct access to the brain, bypassing the restrictive blood-brain barrier (BBB), while minimizing systemic exposure. The present study investigated the potential of a thermoresponsive polymer, PNPHO, as a nanocarrier for brain-targeted insulin delivery through the intranasal route, with the a...

Purpose The Advanced Integrated Respiratory (AIR) model was developed as a physiologically relevant benchtop system designed to assess aerosol deposition and interactions within the respiratory tract. Methods This model integrates a three-dimensional (3D) cast of the human airways with a vacuum driven aerosol inhalation flow and an air liquid interface (ALI) cell culture platform. In this study, the integrated AIR and ALI cell...

Purpose In vitro respiratory models such as the Next Generation Impactor (NGI), remain the gold standard for aerodynamic particle size distribution (APSD) testing, however, they lack the anatomical complexity, limiting their ability to replicate in vivo deposition. To address this limitation, the Advanced Integrated Respiratory (AIR) model, a physiologically relevant benchtop system incorporating anatomically accurate silicone...

This comprehensive review delves into the potential of intranasal insulin delivery for managing Alzheimer's Disease (AD) while exploring the connection between AD and diabetes mellitus (DM). Both conditions share features of insulin signalling dysregulation and oxidative stress that accelerate inflammatory response. Given the physiological barriers to brain drug delivery, including the blood-brain barrier, intranasal administr...