More than half of the world's population is nourished by crops fertilized with synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers. However, N fertilization is a major source of anthropogenic emissions, augmenting the carbon footprint (CF). To date, no global quantification of the CF induced by N fertilization of the main grain crops has been performed, and quantifications at the national scale have neglected the CO 2 assimilated by plants. A...

Wind and waves are the main factors of environmental loading on ships and offshore structures. Thus, detailed understanding of wind and wave conditions can improve the design and maintenance of these structures. This paper developed a validated long-term wind and wave hindcast database covering the recent 32 years from 1988 to 2019. The spatial distribution of wind and wave characteristics for the whole Xisha Islands’ domain w...