Collar structures are widely used to protect monopile foundations from scour, but their geometric obstruction hinders direct observation of the surrounding flow in physical experiments. To overcome this limitation, this study employs large-eddy simulation (LES) to investigate the flow characteristics around a monopile with collar protection. The LES model was validated against well-documented experimental data of pile-induced...

The classification of shallow sea sediments based on airborne LiDAR bathymetry represents a significant advancement in marine science and engineering. Airborne LiDAR is a highly valuable tool for the classification of seabed sediments, offering high accuracy and mobility. However, accurately classifying shallow marine sediments remains a challenging endeavor due to the difficulties associated with differentiation and the inher...