The distribution of upper water masses and water exchange processes in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal have important implications for the dynamics, thermal structure, and associated air-sea interactions in the North Indian Ocean. In this study, we apply the spectral clustering method to investigate the distribution patterns and exchange characteristics of Arabian Sea Water (ASW) and Bay of Bengal Water (BBW) under seasonal...

Cell death mechanisms in crustaceans are a complex interplay of processes essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and immune defense. Modes of cell death like apoptosis, necroptosis, and necrosis are well‐documented in crustaceans, serving crucial roles in removing damaged or infected cells. Unlike in other organisms, crustaceans likely lack pyroptosis, a type of programmed cell death associated with innate immunity and...

Copper, an essential micronutrient in crustaceans, plays vital roles in enzymatic processes, oxygen transport, pigmentation, and structural protein synthesis, including collagen and elastin. Recent research has elucidated its pivotal role in innate immunity of crustaceans, enhancing the immune response by promoting phagocytic activity, antimicrobial peptide production, and modulation of immune gene expression. Copper ions exhi...

Shrimps live in a complex aquatic ecosystem with numerous other biotic and abiotic factors, especially pathogenic microorganisms, which require the adaptation of prudent protective and survival strategies. As invertebrates, shrimps reply on humoral and cellular innate immune response mechanisms for protection against pathogens. One integral part of the humoral innate immune defence mechanism involves many biomolecules that are...