Digital twin (DT) research spans autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), unmanned surface vessels (USVs), underwater gliders, and emerging marine robotic platforms; however, reported systems differ widely in terms of their physical–virtual coupling and validation maturity. A structured Web of Science search retrieved 116 records, of which 107 were retained for analysis. This review synthesizes...

Introduction The coastal waters of the Leizhou Peninsula, as an important ecological transition zone in the northern South China Sea, face water quality issues that urgently require effective monitoring methods. Methods Based on data from 188 stations across four seasons from 2020-2024, this study innovatively proposes a quantile statistical classification method based on mean and standard deviation, and compares results with...