The shallow Baltic Sea is a vital waterway with dense shipping traffic, requiring accurate and reliable nautical charts for safe navigation. Until recently, different realisations of the mean sea level were used in the paper charts of each country, sometimes even between harbours. This created obstacles for the digitalisation of ship navigation, including electronic nautical charts combined with satellite-based positioning. To...

During the last few years, the determination of high-resolution global gravity field has gained momentum due to high-accuracy satellite-derived observations and development of forward gravity modelling. Forward modelling computes the global gravitational field from mass distribution sources instead of actual gravity measurements and helps improving and complementing the medium to high-frequency components of the global gravity...