Daphnia magna has frequently been used to assess the toxicity of lanthanides (Ln) such as lanthanum (La) and gadolinium (Gd). However, most studies have focused on acute toxicity. Knowledge of chronic toxicity and the potential effects of dietary exposure on aquatic organisms is still scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic waterborne and dietary route exposures of 0.5 mg L − 1 of La and G...

The use of rare earth elements has increased in recent years, leading to a rise in environmental concentrations. Despite the growth in number of studies regarding toxicity, knowledge gaps remain. For Daphnia magna , standardized test methods involve exposure periods of either 48 h or 21 days to assess toxicological effects. In this study, the exposure period was adjusted to 7 days to evaluate sublethal endpoints not measurable...