Many reports have categorized the frequency, circumstances, and causes for interactions between sharks and humans, often using the behaviorally inaccurate term “attack.” The California Department of Fish and Wildlife (Department) instead uses the term “incident,” defined as interactions where a shark touches a person, their board, or kayak, without provocation and with or without causing injury. We created a comprehensive data...

Quantitative biological assessment indices overcome many of the challenges faced when trying to convey the status or trends of complex biological communities with large natural variability, particularly when attempting to evaluate the impacts from human influences. In this paper, we developed a biological condition index for shallow (

The possibility that microorganisms might use reduced humic substances (humics) as an electron donor for the reduction of electron acceptors with a more positive redox potential was investigated. All of the Fe(III)‐ and humics‐reducing microorganisms evaluated were capable of oxidizing reduced humics and/or the reduced humics analogue anthrahydroquinone‐2,6,‐disulphonate (AHQDS), with nitrate and/or fumarate as the electron ac...