Pimenta racemosa ( P. racemosa ) tree leaves are used in traditional medicine to alleviate flatulence and gastrointestinal disorders. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a gastrointestinal inflammatory disease with well-known inflammatory and immunoregulatory pathological features. The complexity of the disease requires multi-targeted treatment. Because of their relative safety and effectiveness, natural products can be utilized as adj...

Heavy metal contamination of aquatic environments threatens fish health and ecosystems. This review examines the bioaccumulation patterns, toxicity mechanisms, effects of oxidative stress, and histopathological changes induced by heavy metals in various fish species across different habitats. Important heavy metals, including mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic, chromium, copper, and iron, are discussed. These metals can bioaccumu...