When dealing with CO 2 in- and outflows of forest ecosystems, the CO 2 emissions due to harvest operations have been mostly not included into the analyses, so far. Therefore, to demonstrate an integrative and more holistic view, we used the generic simulation model care4cmodel for assessing relevant silvicultural concepts for pine species in different European ( Pinus sylvestris, Pinus pinaster ) and South African ( Pinus pina...