Purpose To evaluate the independent and combined effects of hypoxia (FiO2 = 13.5%) and cold (− 20 °C) on physiological and perceptual responses to endurance exercise. Methods 14 trained male subjects ( $$\mathop {\text{V}}\limits^{.}$$ V . O 2max : 64 ± 5 mL/kg/min) randomly performed a discontinuous maximal incremental test to exhaustion on a motorized treadmill under four environmental conditions: Normothermic-Normoxia (N),...