Geothermal energy offers a reliable low-carbon pathway for decarbonization by providing continuous heat and baseload power. Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) further expand this potential by enabling energy recovery from deep, otherwise inaccessible low-permeability crystalline rocks. However, wider deployment remains constrained by challenges in achieving effective reservoir stimulation while minimizing induced seismicity. Th...

Fluids are often injected into tight geothermal reservoirs to create conductive fractures and enhance reservoir productivity. Mineral veins are ubiquitous in reservoir rocks because of the hydrothermal mineralisation process. We hypothesize that vein strength anisotropy and geometrical complexity could introduce complex hydraulic fractures through vein–fracture interactions. To test this hypothesis, we develop an improved hydr...