Objective This study aimed to determine the minimum toenail mass needed for reliable fluoride analysis, and to compare fluoride extraction efficiency (%FE) using two protocols. Methods Toenail samples (n = 98 from 11 participants) were grouped into masses ranging from 1.0 to 5.0 mg (± 0.5 mg). Fluoride content was analyzed using a hexamethyldisiloxane(HMDS)-facilitated diffusion method and a fluoride-ion selective electrode. P...

To assess the strength of the relationships between fluoride concentrations in tap water, toenails, and urine in a U.S. cohort of pregnant participants using private, unregulated water systems. We analyzed fluoride concentrations in residential tap water directly with a fluoride-specific electrode, and in toenail and spot urine samples using a micro-diffusion technique. We collected samples from 436 pregnant women in the New H...

Non- or low-alcoholic beers (NLABs) have gained consumer popularity, yet limited data exist on their fluoride concentration and acidity. A convenience sample of 71 commercially available NLABs was sampled from two retail stores in Indianapolis, IN, USA. Fluoride concentration was measured using a fluoride ion-selective electrode, and pH levels were recorded with a calibrated pH meter. Spearman’s rank correlation assessed relat...