Background and aims Repeated surface application of lime for managing subsoil acidity is slow and ineffective, resulting in an accumulation of undissolved lime (carbonate) in the topsoil. We investigated the impact of the incorporation of undissolved lime into the subsoil to improve acidity and crop performance. Methods The undissolved lime in 2-cm layers of topsoil (0–10 cm) from three long-term experiments in Western Austral...