Seeds or cuttings of five forest tree species with contrasting leaf anatomies and shoot growth characteristics were cultivated under three different UV-B radiation regimes: ambient (7.5 kJ m-2 d-1 = 1×), two times ambient (2×), or three times ambient (3×) biologically effective UV-B radiation (UV-BBE) USA at the summer solstice, as calculated for Pullman, Washington. Experiments were conducted in glasshouses using a nonmodulat...