NOD‐like receptors (NLRs) serve as crucial innate immune sensors in multicellular organisms, recognizing diverse pathogen‐associated components and regulating immune responses such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) signalling and inflammatory pathways. To elucidate the roles of NLRC3 , NLRC5 and NLRX1 in the innate immunity of the Mastacembelus armatus , this study first characterized these genes and examined their response to...

Continuous cell lines are useful for virus research and diagnosis. Here, a novel cell line from grouper fry (Ec‐Fry) has been developed and its sensitivity to fish viruses was investigated. Mitochondrial 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis conducted after 80 generations of Ec‐Fry cells verified that Ec‐Fry cells originated from Epinephelus coioides . Ec‐Fry cells, mainly composed of epithelioid cells, exhibited the fastest growth...