Purpose Volatiles are common in personal care products and dermatological drugs. Determining the impact of evaporation of volatiles on skin permeation is crucial to evaluate and understand their delivery, bioavailability, efficacy and safety. We aim to develop an in-silico model to simulate the impact of evaporation on the dermal absorption of volatiles. Method The evaporation of volatile permeants was modelled using vapour pr...

Purpose This study investigates in silico the contribution of the hair follicle to the overall dermal permeability of small molecules, as published experimental work provides inconclusive information on whether the follicular route favours the permeation of hydrophobic or hydrophilic permeants. Method A study is conducted varying physico-chemical parameters of permeants such as lipophilicity, molecular weight and protein bindi...

Objectives To develop a simulation model to explore the interplay between mechanical stretch and diffusion of large molecules into the skin under locally applied hypobaric pressure, a novel penetration enhancement method. Methods Finite element method was used to model the skin mechanical deformation and molecular diffusion processes, with validation against in-vitro transdermal permeation experiments. Simulations and experime...

Based on observed minute precipitation data during Lekima influencing Zhejiang (from 2019–08-07 00:00:00 to 2019–08-12 23:55:00), the rainfall thresholds for debris flow and landslide are investigated. The rainfall intensity and duration (I-D) thresholds are I = 1247.73D −403.44 + 19.09 and I = 142.63D −0.58 –3.37 for debris flow and landslide, respectively. Hourly meteorological data and soil data reveal that (1) the soil vol...