Acetamiprid (ACE) is a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide with known neurotoxic potential, for which the European Food Safety Authority lowered the acceptable daily intake. Current physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) models lack adequate kinetic data for ACE and its metabolite acetamiprid-N-desmethyl (ACE-DEM). The aim of this study was to generate detailed disposition data for ACE in a controlled volunteer setting to devel...

The safety of using ethanol-based products for hygienic hand disinfection in healthcare workers is controlled by restricting air levels. This raises the question of whether these workers are sufficiently protected against potential dermal absorption. The study aim was to determine the contribution of the dermal route to the total uptake of ethanol. A laboratory-controlled study of 25 sequential alcohol-based-hand-rubs (ABHRs)...

The orangefin barb, Enteromius eutaenia – a small‐sized smiliogastrin barb characterised by orange/yellow fins, a thickened and serrated last unbranched dorsal‐fin ray, a dark mid‐lateral stripe and a sheath of enlarged scales at the base of dorsal fin – is considered widely distributed across southern Africa. Distinct phenotypic groups suggest unrecognised species‐level diversity, but taxonomic progress has been limited by th...

The rosefin barb, Enteromius argenteus , as currently described, is a freshwater fish with a distribution that is geographically separated and divided into the northern population in the Kwanza River system in Angola, and the southern population in the Inkomati River system in South Africa and Eswatini. Due to this disjunct distribution pattern, it is likely that the two populations represent distinct species. mtDNA sequence d...

A growing body of evidence indicates that the global diversity of freshwater fishes has not been fully documented. Studies of freshwater fishes that were previously thought to be morphologically variable have revealed the existence of deeply divergent lineages, with many distinct species. In southern Africa a number of Enteromius species exhibit either exceedingly wide or divided distribution patterns that should be rare for f...